Thought and Knowledge by Diane F. Halpern
An Introduction to Critical Thinking Critical Thinking is more than a classroom skill—it is a way of navigating the modern world with clarity, judgment, and intellectual independence. Diane F. Halpern’s influential book, Thought and Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, stands as one of the…
A Theory of Justice by John Rawls
Introduction Justice is one of the most powerful and contested ideas in human history. It shapes how societies distribute wealth, protect rights, and define fairness. In A Theory of Justice, John Rawls offers one of the most influential modern accounts of justice, proposing a moral…
Loneliness Is an Economic Outcome, Not a Personal Failure
Atomization, Labor Markets, Urban Design, and the Social Logic of Late Capitalism Rethinking Loneliness Beyond the Individual Loneliness is usually framed as a private problem. Popular psychology treats it as an emotional deficit, a personality flaw, or a failure of social skills. Self-help culture responds…
Freedom of Choice Is Shrinking — And We’re Cheering for It
Question When was the last time you chose something without an algorithm helping you decide? A movie, a song, a route, a product, even a belief? And if choosing feels easier than ever… why does it also feel narrower? Definition Freedom of choice is the…
Capitalism Doesn’t Exploit People — People Exploit Themselves
Question If capitalism is so exploitative, why do so many people willingly work longer hours, burn out, brag about exhaustion, and blame themselves when they fail? Are we being exploited—or are we participating in our own exhaustion? Definition This argument challenges a common assumption: that…
Education Doesn’t Create Thinkers—It Produces Obedient Specialists
Schooling as Social Reproduction Rather Than Enlightenment The Myth of Education as Enlightenment Modern societies proudly present education as the primary engine of enlightenment. Schools and universities are portrayed as spaces where critical thinking is cultivated, curiosity rewarded, and intellectual autonomy encouraged. Governments justify vast…