Second-Wave Civilizations
Second-wave civilizations explained, from ancient Persia and classical Greece to Rome, China, India, and the Silk Road, exploring empires, ideas, and global exchange Introduction Historians use the term second-wave civilizations to describe a group of societies that emerged after the world’s earliest river-valley civilizations, roughly…
Early Civilizations
Early civilizations explained through archaeology and history, from Mesopotamia and Egypt to the Indus Valley, Shang China, and ancient American societies. Introduction The study of early civilizations seeks to understand how humans moved from small-scale societies to large, complex communities organized around cities, states, and…
Early Human Societies
Introduction Understanding early human societies is essential for understanding the entire course of human history. Long before writing, cities, or states existed, humans lived in small groups that developed ways of surviving, cooperating, and making sense of the world. These early societies laid the biological,…